From West Lothian to the Arctic Convoy

Adam William Pollock Lithgow was born in Glasgow on the 15th July 1915. As a young man he lived in the village of Kirknewton, West Lothian, and worked as a shepherd on farms in the Borders.

Naturally then, Adam was hardened and used to being outdoors in all kinds of weather. In March 1940, at the age of 24, he volunteered for naval service, enlisting for 12 years.

Adam Lithgow

After initial training at Portsmouth and aboard the training carrier HMS Argus as a Stoker, Adam was assigned to HMS Forester (H74), an F-Class destroyer, the first of several destroyers he would serve on. It was aboard HMS Forester that Adam first experienced Arctic Convoy duties. Before he embarked on the most perilous of journeys, he married Ada (Barth) in February 1942, in Surrey.

For four years, more than 1,400 merchant ships under the flags of 11 states completed their journeys to Murmansk and Arkhangelsk as part of 78 allied convoys, escorted by 441 warships. The convoys delivered vital supplies to the Soviet Union. They assembled in the waters of Loch Ewe and Scapa Flow. The summer route took the convoy high up into the Arctic Circle via Iceland, so as far as possible from Occupied Norway. In winter, the convoys were forced to sail on a more southerly route due to the extent of pack ice, much closer to the Norwegian coastline and German U Boat/Luftwaffe bases.

The risks were enormous, not only from the threats posed by enemy shipping, mines and aircraft but also due to mountainous seas and bitter cold. 85 merchantmen and 16 Royal Navy escort vessels were lost along with around 3,000 lives. It was for good reason that Sir Winston Churchill labelled the convoys “the worst journey in the world”.

In late March 1942, Convoy PQ14 assembled at Loch Ewe and sailed for Murmansk via Iceland. HMS Forester, with Adam aboard as ship stoker, was assigned close cover duties, along with HMS Foresight and HMS Edinburgh. One week in, they detached from the convoy to intercept and deter enemy destroyers. Only 7 of the 25 Merchantmen made it to Murmansk. Most Merchantmen were damaged by pack ice and were forced to return to Iceland. SS Empire Howard was sunk by a German U Boat.

It was for good reason that Sir Winston Churchill labelled the convoys “the worst journey in the world”.

The return convoy (QP11) of 13 merchant ships and eighteen warships, including HMS Forester, sailed for Iceland in late April 1942. They were attacked first by Junker aircraft then by U boats. HMS Edinburgh was significantly damaged by two direct hits and ordered to leave the convoy and return to Murmansk, escorted by HMS Forester and HMS Foresight. But they were intercepted by German destroyers. In the exchanges that followed, all three ships took direct hits. HMS Forester suffered serious damage fore and aft as well as in the boiler room. Twelve men were killed, including the captain, and another nine men were wounded. HMS Edinburgh managed to sink one of the German destroyers before she was struck again midship. HMS Edinburgh finally succumbed to a torpedo from HMS Foresight, once survivors had been rescued. HMS Forester limped back to Murmansk for temporary repair, subsequently arriving at Scapa Flow on 18th May,1942, whereupon she took passage to the Tyne shipyards for repair.

It must have been an enormous shock to young Adam’s system to leave the rolling hills of the Scottish Borders and find himself north of the Arctic Circle aboard a British warship. From the tranquillity of sheep farming to the horrors of war in the most hostile of conditions. In World War II, a ship's stoker was a member of the engineering crew responsible for maintaining the ship's boilers, primarily by managing the coal supply and fire in the furnaces. This was a physically demanding and dangerous job, often performed in hot, cramped, and dirty conditions.

The stokehold was a dangerous environment with intense heat, the risk of burns, and potential for explosions from boiler malfunctions. The confined spaces and the presence of coal dust also presented health hazards. Ironically, the “Shepherd of the Borders” would have been more equipped than most ratings to bear the freezing conditions in the Arctic Ocean, yet he would have spent most of his time below decks.

In December 1942, Adam joined the I-Class destroyer, HMS Impulsive (D11). He safely completed a further four Arctic Convoys in 1943 (JW53, RA53, JW54A and RA54B). JW53 is notorious for sailing through probably the worst weather of any convoy. Ferocious gales and mountainous seas took their toll on the convoy. Six merchantmen were damaged and were forced to return to Iceland. Even the light cruiser, HMS Sheffield was forced to return to port as some of her armour plating was ripped off by the wind and seas.

In January 1944, Adam transferred to brand new U-Class destroyer HMS Ursa (R22). Two months later, he found himself once again in the Arctic Ocean as HMS Ursa acted as escort to convoys JW58 and RA58. On 6th June 1944, HMS Ursa was to be found on duty off Gold Beach, protecting allied forces invading Normandy. Adam spent the next 12 months or so in the Indian Ocean and South Seas engaging Japanese forces. He subsequently went on to serve aboard HMS Comus, HMS Mull of Galloway, and HMS Jupiter.

During his service Adam progressed through the ranks to Petty Officer Stoker Mechanic (POSM). He ended his naval career with HMS Rattlesnake and was discharged in December 1953 after 12.5 years dedicated service.

Sadly, Adam died less than two years after his discharge from the Royal Navy, aged 40. After he left the service he had planned to take his family to New Zealand to continue his sheep farming but medical tests revealed that he had contracted bladder cancer.. Studies have shown that seafarers, including those who worked as stokers, had a higher incidence of bladder cancer compared to the general population. This is likely due to exposure to various hazardous substances present in the maritime environment.

Adam is buried in Kirknewton. His widow Ada and young son Colin (aged 9) suffered much financial hardship after Adam’s premature death. They remained in Kirknewton until Colin married. Ada passed away in 2014 at the ripe old age of 101.

The “Shepherd of The Borders” served his country well. Adam completed eight Arctic Convoys in his 12.5 years of service, as well as supporting the D-Day Landings and fighting Japanese forces in the Indian Ocean. At 5 foot 4 and a half inches, Adam William Pollock Lithgow was not a big man physically, but in character, and in industry, he was huge. He, and many other brave men like him, should never be forgotten.

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Article published in Konect November 2025

Author: The Arctic Convoy Museum, Aultbea, IV22 2HZ

The Arctic Convoy Museum has been working with remote volunteers to uncover stories in their archive. This piece about Adam Lithgow was written by one of the Arctic Convoy Museum Volunteers and submitted by Dr Karen Buchanan, Curator.

The Museum and Exhibition Centre near Loch Ewe is a lasting legacy to those who braved Arctic waters under constant threat of attack from enemy aircraft and u-boats. https://arcticconvoymuseum.org/